Software Ethics :: Copyright Plagiarism Technology Essays

Software Ethics INTRODUCTION Webster dictionary defines copyright as â€Å"the exclusive legal right to reproduce, publish, and sell the matter and form (as of a literary, musical, or artistic work). The copyright law extended to software and technologies aims at protecting the artists who created the product. The owner of the product has the exclusive right to distribute or reproduce his work. To be qualified for the protection, the work has to be original and in a â€Å"concrete medium of expression† [1]. In every product that we use daily, there is already a copyrighted law protecting it. We can’t simply write the same book and call it a different name. That’s plagiarism and violating the copyright law. The creator of a software technology patented and copyrighted his work, and he can take violators to court for stealing his idea, and reproducing his work without his permission. Why? Simply put, U.S Copyright act, 17 U.S.C Sections 101-810, protects the owner of the product . We should be thankful that we live in a country where our inventions and ideas are protected from theft and being copied. In other countries, such as Vietnam, artists are not so lucky. For many years, songs artists didn’t make a lot of money, and their songs are being sung everywhere, by all the singers. It’s like a free song, and anyone could make money off of that. That’s the precedent. Who would want to create the product, and then turn around in split seconds only to have it posted it on the web or reproduced for free. The work is wasted, the people are discouraged, and the country is ailing. Now, the artist can now protect his work. So Vietnamese, living in America, enjoy the same rights and privileges as Americans. Countries that don’t have copyright law or fail to truly protect the artists of a product will continue to struggle economically, politically, and socially. Viet Nam has improved and been more developed over the past decades. The country is beginning to see foreign investors come in and utilize the resources such as the talents, the cheap labor and materials. However, the country is not flourishing other Asians because of the lack of copyright laws, ignorance, and government monopoly and corruption.

Comparing IFRS To GAAP Paper Essay

There are several differences between the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and the U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). The IFRS is considered more of a â€Å"principles based† accounting standard in contrast to U.S. GAAP which is considered more â€Å"rules based.† By being more â€Å"principles based†, IFRS, arguably, represents and captures the economics of a transaction better than U.S. GAAP. As a team me collaborated to answer the following seven questions. IFRS 2-1: In what ways does the format of a statement of financial of position under IFRS often differ from a balance sheet presented under GAAP? IFRS does not mandate a specific order or classification of accounts on the statement of financial position. In most cases, companies report assets in reverse order of liquidity. An example of the order of accounts on the statement of financial position is as follows: Long Term Assets Current Assets Shareholder Equity Long Term Liabilities Current Liabilities GAAP specifically requires that all accounts be ordered based on their degree of liquidity. Therefore, cash is usually reported first and non-current assets will be reported last. Below is an example of the order typically found on a GAAP balance sheet: Current Assets Long Term Assets Current Liabilities Long Term Liabilities Shareholder Equity IFRS 2-2: Do the IFRS and GAAP conceptual frameworks differ in terms of the objective of financial reporting? Explain. No, GAAP and IFRS maintain very similar viewpoints on the objectivity of financial data. Both of these authoritative bodies agree that financial reporting data should be relevant and faithfully represented. Information that is relevant is anything that could be viewed as useful in the eyes of an investor, creditor, or regulator. Information that is faithfully represented should conform to  industry standards and any estimates should be conservative in nature. IFRS 2-3: What terms commonly used under IFRS is synonymous with common stock and balance sheet? Balance Sheet is synonymous with the â€Å"Statement of Financial Position† and Common Stock is typically labeled as â€Å"Share Capital Ordinary† on IFRS financial statements. IFRS 3-1: Describe some of the issues the SEC must consider in deciding whether the United States should adopt IFRS. The SEC has several aspects to consider when it comes to the adoption of IFRS in the United States. First, the SEC should consider the overall costs impact this will have on businesses. It is likely that it would cost billions of dollars in new reporting expenses for U.S corporations to implement IFRS. It would also require accounting firms to vastly change their education requirements. Second, the SEC’s main job is to protect investors from fraud on public exchanges. The commission must determine whether IFRS does a better job of protecting investors from unlawful activity. IFRS 4-1: Compare and contrast the rules regarding revenue recognition under IFRS versus GAAP. Under GAAP, it is possible to use cash-basis or accrual basis accounting for revenue recognition. Under cash basis, revenue is recognized with payment is received. Under accrual basis, revenue is recognized when it becomes economically significant. GAAP has specific requirements for various industries on when an event qualifies to be recognized as revenue. IFRS has fewer requirements on revenue recognition, but follows the same basic principle of economic significance. Revenue can be recorded when t is probable that any future economic benefit associated with the item of revenue will flow to the entity and it can be measured reliably. IFRS 4-2: Under IFRS, do the definitions of revenues and expenses include gains and losses? Explain. Under IFRS, revenue is used to describe the total amount of economic benefits arising from the ordinary operating activities of a business. Therefore, it does not include non-operating gains. This principle applies equally to expenses, which do not include losses from non-operating activities. FRS 7-1: Some people argue that the internal control requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) put U.S. companies at a competitive disadvantage to companies outside the United States. Discuss the competitive implications (both pros and cons) of SOX. When it was implemented in 2002, SOX created an array of new reporting requirements for publically traded companies. While it is true that this costs American  businesses additional capital in compliance expenses, it also creates a more stable financial system. The major frauds of Enron and WorldCom were much more damaging the financial system. Overall, it reduces the risks for investors in public companies and encourages foreign direct investment. After all of the information was gathered, I could say that I have a much better understanding of the differences between the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and the U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). References: Terms Synonymous with Common Stock and Balance Sheet – IFRS2-3. (n.d.). Retrieved January 16, 2015, from http://octotutor.com/terms-synonymous-with-common-stock-and-balance-sheet-ifrs2-3/ Still in flux: Future of IFRS in U.S. remains unclear after SEC report. (n.d.). Retrieved January 16, 2015, from http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/Issues/2012/Sep/20126059.htm

Wild Animals Nature Vs. Nurture - 1643 Words

Animals play a very important role for humans. Animals from the early days have had an impact on humans in hunting, consuming and companionship. Animals are used for many purposes good and bad. Some animals are loved significantly and others are discriminated against. They are support systems and parts of families, but are also used in negative ways for entertainment, research and food. Canines have had a remarkable transition into the world day. From wolves, coyotes and foxes to the Labrador retrievers and poodles we know today. Different breeds have been favored by different generations and many dogs that were once â€Å"America’s Family Dog† are now being discriminated against. Animals and humans have gained a closer bond over the years,†¦show more content†¦Not just one breed of dog is dangerous, but many dogs have the ability to be aggressive if not properly cared for. While it seems apparent that every breed can be dangerous, one breed of dog in particula r, has brought much controversy over the years. The Pit-bull, a once known family dog, is now being banned and discriminated against across the nation. Pit bulls over the last few years have been defined as a vicious, violent breed that deserves to be rid from the earth. Pit bulls come from a history of violence, but were considered working dogs in the early twentieth century. They helped kill animals for farmers and although small, were known for their strong jaws and neck. In the article, ‘Pit Bull Bans and the Human Factors Affecting Canine Behavior’ it states, â€Å"Pit bull breeds descend from nineteenth-century bulldogs, which were used in England for the popular sport of bullbaiting. The bull-baiting dogs led lives at the hands of humans who viewed brutality and bloodshed as entertainment† (Medlin, 2007). The most aggressive dogs were bred to keep the traits alive for future dogfighting. Eventually, the sport was banned as inhumane and the dogs moved into the United States and developed a positive reputation. In the same article it states, â€Å"Bust as families moved west, pit bulls earned appreciation on the frontier as farm dogs and family companions rather than as fighting dogs. Pit bulls gradually came to beShow MoreRelatedThe Influential Difference Between Environment And Heredity1610 Words   |  7 Pagesour personality. What we can come up with this is that our nature and nurture do influences our personality at some point, but the only thing is that which really influences us more, or maybe they influence us the same. We all know that we born to be physically different. We may be born with different eye color, hair color, skin color, weight and height, or facial appearance. They are largely affected by our nature. However, our nurture physically changing us too while we are growing up. For someRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Environment Essay2164 Words   |  9 Pages NATURE VS NURTURE[ENVIRONMENT] Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. – John B. Watson. Generally, using the terms nature and nurture as a suitable catch-phraseRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Environment Essay2137 Words   |  9 PagesINTRODUCTION NATURE VS NURTURE[ENVIRONMENT] Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. – John B. Watson. Generally, using the terms nature and nurture as a suitableRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature And Nurture1821 Words   |  8 Pages Nature and nurture are usually seen as very different things, but they are actually somewhat similar and even integrated. There is a huge debate over which holds more influence over how people develop and whether they behave based on genes or their environment. In Sincero’s article Nature and Nurture Debate she discusses arguments for both sides, saying behavior may be completely in a person’s genes, or it could come from experience and influence. Many people believe â€Å"that the criminal acts, tendencyRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature And Nurture1821 Words   |  8 PagesNature and nurture are usually seen as very different things, but they are actually somewhat similar and even integrated. There is a huge debate over which holds more influence over how people develop and whether they behave based on genes or their environment. In Sincero’s article Nature and Nurture Debate she discusses arguments for both sides, saying behavior may be completely in a person’s genes, or it could come from experience and influence. Many people believe â€Å"that the criminal acts, tendencyRead MoreThe Nature Vs. Nurture Debate2673 Words   |  11 Pagesinteraction is going to have a positive benefit, for young kids or any age. One of the most famous debates in Psychology is the Nature vs. Nurture debate, which has been going on since the time of Aristotle. The aspect within this debate comes to the question of; did the aspects of our behavior become because we inherited our characteristics from our parents know as the Nature? The other question leads up to our behavior of; did we get our characteristics from what we learned from the environment throughRead MoreHomosexuality - Nature or Nurture Essay2535 Words   |  11 PagesHomosexuality Nature or Nurture Have you ever wondered what creates a persons sexual preference? Is it possible that their social influences and environment can lead them to certain sexual practices and same sex relationships or could it be that some people have a genetic makeup that makes it completely natural to be attracted to members of the same sex? These questions lead us to the long-lived debate of nature or nurture. Some scientists believe that people behave as they do accordingRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1525 Words   |  7 Pagesknowledge. Furthermore, the author uses past tense to describe the character of Clerval, thus foreshadowing his death: â€Å"A being formed in the ‘very poetry of nature.’ His wild and enthusiastic imagination was chastened by the sensibility of his heart. His soul overflowed with ardent affections and his friendship was of that devoted and wondrous nature that the world-minded teach us to look for only in the imagination.† (Shell ey 135). Finally, Shelley uses metaphors and symbols to foreshadow Victor’s eventualRead MoreThe Nature Nurture Controversy : 20th Century Present3499 Words   |  14 Pages History of the Nature-Nurture Controversy: 20th Century-Present Mary Truong University of Regina The nature-nurture controversy is an age-old dispute that has been debated since at least the time of Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.E). According to the nature stance, who we are as individuals, that is, our physical characteristics, personality, intelligence, and how we behave, is biologically inherited, now known through our genetics. Hippocrates for instance, posited that humanRead MorePerception of the African American Males1600 Words   |  7 Pagesto be tame as if they were wild animals. This lead the slave masters to start putting chain and walking around with their rifles when they would be in the fields with them. As it was stated in ‘The Brut Caricature†, it portrays black men as innately savage, animalistic, destructive, and criminal; deserving punishment, and maybe death. Due to the negative influence and portrayals of African Americans males, these individuals are often misguided. The nature vs. nurture theory comes into play. I

Efficacy And Psychological Interventions For Psychosis And...

Reference Stafford, M. R., Mayo-Wilson, E., Loucas, C. E., James, A., Hollis, C., Birchwood, M., Kendall, T. (2015). Efficacy and safety of pharmacological and psychological interventions for the treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia in children, adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 10(2) doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117166 Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness and safety issues surrounding pharmacological and psychological interventions as treatments for psychosis and schizophrenia in children, adolescents, and young adults. This study contrasted different medications and their impacts on patient outcomes - both positive and negative. Furthermore, head-to-head comparisons between medications were made; highlighting which medications had better significant impacts on patients. Also, contrasting psychological interventions taking in to consideration the benefits of family and individual cognitive behavioural therapy were examined in this study. Design/Method The design of this study was a systematic review and meta-analysis. The authors conducted research of several different databases analyzing randomized controlled trials comparing: pharmacological, psychological, or combined interventions for psychosis, and schizophrenia in children, adolescents and young adults. Sample/Setting Twenty-seven randomized controlled trials including 3067 participants reported in 52 publishedShow MoreRelatedSchizophreni Symptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia3854 Words   |  16 Pageschronic disabling brain disorder. Schizophrenia was once thought as, as a disorder that only affect teens and adults. It wasn?t unstill recently that doctors and researchers discovered that schizophrenia can affect children under the age of 13. Children have the same sign and symptoms of schizophrenia as adults. The same medications used to treat the symptoms of the disorder is used both in adults and children. Schizophrenia is a complex disorder. It is hard to diagnose the disorder because many of theRead MoreSurvey Of Cognitive Remediation Practices For Individuals With Schizophreni Implementation And Barriers9236 Words   |  37 Pagesthose, a majority were community treatment centers. For centers currently utilizing CR, reimbursement-related issues were the most highly cited barriers to imple mentation. Rehabilitation counselors can play an important role in ensuring these interventions are made available to individuals with schizophrenia, part 5rdes aicularly in vocational rehabilitation settings where CR has been shown to improve supported employment outcomes. Keywords : Schizophrenia, Cognitive Remediation, Cognition, NeurocognitionRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pagesof the mentoring of Dr. Beck. My purpose in writing this book is to provide a comprehensive account of contemporary cognitive-behavioral theory, research, and treatment of OCD. Written with a scientist-practitioner orientation, it assumes that psychological treatment of OCD will be effective only if it is theoretically guided and empirically verified. As a result, half of the book is devoted to cognitive-behavioral theory and research of OCD, whereas the rest of the book constitutes a CBT treatmentRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagestheory focuses attention on the human issues in organization ‘There is nothing so practical as a good theory’ How Roethlisberger developed a ‘practical’ organization theory Column 1: The core contributing social sciences Column 2: The techniques for analysis Co lumn 3: The neo-modernist perspective Column 4: Contributions to business and management Four combinations of science, scientific technique and the neo-modernist approach reach different parts of the organization Level 1: Developing the organization

How Technology Has Changed Our Lives - 1323 Words

If you would have told an artist back in the 1970’s that in the future there was going to be music exclusively made in a computer, with no use of actual instruments; that musicians would have portals such as iTunes, Pandora, Spotify or Soundcloud where the audience could listen to their music as they pleased on the go in their mobile phones or even their watches, they probably would have called you crazy. However, this is the reality we live in nowadays. Almost sixty years after that time and, as you walk around a campus, a mall, a park, or anywhere else with large flow of people, you will notice people being in contact with music through several ways, most ways that you observe were not even thought to be possible a century ago.†¦show more content†¦Within the next five years phonograph parlors spread across America ushering in the first era of the recording business. At the same time, most major cities around the globe had at least one phonograph company that made r ecordings. This was the beginning of the music record labels as we know them today. Back then, people in a listening parlor were forced to listen to the music that other people chose to, not only their choices. This had its good and bad consequences. On one hand, people were excited to finally have access to reproduce music and listen to it on occasion; on the other hand, it wasn’t that comfortable to have to listen to every other person’s choice of song and have to attend a particular place just to listen to music. However, the fact that people had to share the listening lounges made it more likely for people to be open for other songs and genres that otherwise they might have not ever listened to. This aspect is one of the major things that has changed due to innovation. With the rise of electronic and digital albums, you can just pick and choose a specific song you want from an album and play it as much as you want, sometimes disregarding the other songs in the record, which you might enjoy as well. You might never realize you would enjoy them because you have that ability to pick which song you want to listen to the most anywhere, instead of being exposed

Accounting Theory Organization and the Mechanisms

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory for Organization and the Mechanisms. Answer: Introduction The present study presents a detailed analysis of the factors that drive the culture of the organization and the mechanisms, processes that can control and direct the operations of the organization with special orientation to the operations of Woolworths Limited. Woolworths Limited is publicly traded Australian corporation that has extensive retail operations across different parts of Australia as well as New Zealand. Woolworth Limited is the second largest business firm in Australia in terms of revenue and the second largest in New Zealand as well. The company operates primarily in the retailing industry across Australia, New Zealand and India in different divisions that include the Super markets, petrol, liquor, general merchandise, home improvement, hotels and gambling (Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016). In addition to this, the current study also analyses the governance structures that includes evaluation of the adherence to the rules and guidelines, analysis of the General Purpose Financial Reports for users of financial statements of Woolworths Limited. Furthermore, the current study also deals with the issues associated to remuneration structure, internal and external controls. Moreover, the present study also discusses the principles prudence and adherence to the conceptual framework of the financial reporting. Factors that drive the culture of Woolworths Limited Corporate Governance: Corporate governance refers to the specific approach of the board towards augmentation of the value of the shareholders and at the same time fortification of the funds of the shareholders. The management of the company Woolworths Limited intends to make it certain that the policies as well as practices in different critical zones of financial declarations, remunerations reports and corporate governance meet different requirements of high levels of disclosures and compliance (Deegan 2012). Woolworths Limited is publicly listed in the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) and is required to apply different recommendations stated in the ASX Corporate Governance Councils principles and recommendations (AXS CGC). The corporation has assessed the present corporate governance procedures as well as practices that are essentially against the ASX Recommendations. The analysis of the corporate governance framework of Woolworths Limited reveals the fact that the company is entirely governed and c ontrolled by the board of directors who are selected by the shareholders (Healy and Palepu 2012). The company has established three different committees that include the Nomination Committee, Audit, Risk Management and Compliance Committee and People Policy Committee. A Board Charter presents the responsibilities of the board to aptly represent and at the same time serve the interests of all the shareholders of the corporation by way of overseeing and evaluating the stratagem, policy and performance of Woolworths Limited (Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016). Issues with the remuneration rate The board of the company Woolworths Limited established the remuneration committee People Policy Committee in order to make it certain that the level as well as composition of the Group Remuneration is appropriate and feasible and its association to the performance is understandable. The People Policy Committee complies with the requirements of the ASX Recommendations. The auditors report on the remuneration reveals the fact that the board of directors prepares and presents the remuneration report as per the section 30 A of the Corporation Act 2001 and the audit is primarily based on the Australian Auditing Standards (AAS). The remuneration report published during the year 2015 replicates the disappointing performance of the company and the subsequent results on the executive as well as employee remuneration. The performance of the company against the important metrics underpins the entire structure of the remuneration. The remuneration report shows a 0.1% growth in net profit after tax (NOPAT) associated to the previous year. The remuneration report also reflects the 0.7% decline in the earnings per share as compared to the previous year (Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016). The management of Woolworths Limited intends to link the pay structure of the firm with the performance. However, the company has no provision for short-term incentives. Again, there are certain awards associated to the historical financial presentation and historical retention rights (Horngren et al. 2012). The remuneration framework makes it certain that the structure and the governance of remuneration of the Woolworths Limited persists on supporting the overall attainment of particular business results that in turn can deliver value of the shareholder. The assessment of the remuneration structure offer strong foundation to work with sufficient flexibility to replicate alterations in strategy and to attract and at the same time retain the talents (Botzem 2012). In addition to this, the board as well as the senior executive group have a long-term association with the shareholders through different requirements of the shareholders. The analysis of the remuneration report also reveals the fact that the company failed to meet the short term incentive plan that happened to be the performance gateway of 4% growth of net profit after tax as compared to the year ago period. Analysis of the General Purpose Financial Reports for users to make financial reports Conceptual Framework As rightly put forward by Edwards (2013), the conceptual framework refers to the aim and objective of the financial reporting, qualitative nature and characteristics of different useful information. In addition to this, the conceptual structure also deals with the definition, recognition and measurement of different elements of the financial declarations, notions of capital and maintenance of capital. The primary aim of the general purpose financial reporting is to offer financial information regarding the reporting business entity (Miller and Power 2013). The financial information provided in the GPFR can help the potential financiers, lenders as well as other creditors in arriving at decisions concerning purchasing, selling and holding equity, debt instruments, offering loans as well as other forms of credit. However, these reports of Woolworths Limited do not offer all the important information that existent as well as potential investors, financiers and creditors require (Aasb.go v.au. 2016). The statements of Woolworths Limited also follow the requirements of the conceptual framework. The balance sheet reveals important information regarding the inventory, net investment in inventory, assets, intangible assets, net repayable debt, financial liabilities, and shareholders equity. The financial declarations declare the fact that the board have allowed final dividend of 72 c per share out of the total dividend of 139 c during the 2015. The dividend declarations prove to be important information for the shareholders of the company. The aim of the financial reporting is also to get a favourable credit rating. For example, both the SP and the Moodys modified the rating to a lower level as compared to the previous years figure (Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016). The users of the financial information can make use of the reports for arriving at decisions. The users can also assess the items as follows: Analysis of the inventory The closing inventory of the company Woolworths Limited increased 3.8% owing to the opening of new stores. The net investment in inventory declined $272.6 million due to the variances in the timing of payments of creditors. The inability to manage the inventory in the retail business of the Woolworths Limited might perhaps impair the competitive position of the company. Figure: Inventory (Source: Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016) Analysis of the accounts receivable, provision for bad debt and doubtful debt The company Woolworths presents the accounts receivables in the financial statements by including the amount of GST. The trade receivables were registered to be 1001.9 during 2015 and 965.2 in the year 2014. The trade receivables are primarily identified at fair value, enumerated at amortised cost by interest method after deduction of the allowance for impairment. The users of the financial information can analyse the data presented in the financial reports and assess the items to frame financial decisions. However, the financing cost of the company Woolworths Limited declined 2% in 2015 as compared to the year 2014 primarily due to the savings in the interest out of repayment of the debts, offset by lower capitalized interest (Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016). The net repayable debt declined to $3067.3 million made possible owing to the proceeds from the sale of property and investment. Analysis of the plant, property and equipment The plant, property and equipment of the company is essentially enumerated at cost after deduction of the accumulated depreciation and amortisation and accumulated loss of impairment (DRURY 2013). The management of the company Woolworths Limited made investments amounting to $1535.3 for the plant, property and equipments as the company opened many new stores and the refurbished many existing retail stores, purchased many new merchandising systems and different supply chain initiative. Figure 1: Balance Sheet (Source: Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016) Analysis of depreciation methods The depreciation method that the management of the company Woolworths Limited is currently for the assets is the straight-line method over an economic time. The annual report published by the company Woolworths Limited reveals the fact that the useful lives of the plant, property and equipment is 2.5 years to 10 years (Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016). Analysis of the liabilities The analysis of the consolidated financial reports of the company Woolworths Limited reveals the fact that the company has the total liabilities of $1236.3 million. The liabilities that are not anticipated to be settled within 12 months are essentially enumerated at the normal value by utilizing the remuneration rate that is again anticipated to be implemented during the time of settlement. The liabilities that are not anticipated to be settled within 12 months can be enumerated at the present value of the assessed future cash outflows in respect of different services provided by different members of the staff of the organization (Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016). Treatment of leases The financial reports of the company Woolworths Limited reveals the fact that the leases can be classified as finance leases where the contracts specified in the lease helps in transferring the risks as well as rewards associated to ownerships to the particular lessee (Kang and Gray 2013). Analysis of the process of reporting revenue in the financial reports of Woolworths Limited: The operating revenue of the Woolworths Limited is registered to be $60868 million. However, the revenue of the company is measured at fair value based on different consideration that can be received based on meeting the criteria for recognition. The revenue is identified net of returns as well as discounts (Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016). Prudence The above concept is also known as conservatism principle and is one of the accounting principles that requires particular accountant in recording of liabilities as well as expenses for realization purpose (Alexander 2013). This particular concept requires accountants in remaining cautious in adopting policies as well as estimations in income assets and overstatement of entity expenses. Conceptual Framework Preparation of financial statements contends with uncertainties and surrounding facts regarding events as well as circumstances like collectability of doubtful receivables, useful life of fixed assets such as Plant and Equipment. These uncertainties recognizes by corporate disclosures in exercising prudence for conceptual framework (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013). Prudence is the concept inclusive of degree of caution for exercising over the judgements for level of uncertainty (Rahman 2013). Process for updating the conceptual framework Updating or developing conceptual framework, IASB removes reference from the basic concept of Prudence. This mainly explains prudence exclusion important aspects for faithful representation such as reference to Prudence (Henderson et al. 2015). Advantages and disadvantages of on financial reporting Advantages include reference to prudence in conceptual framework that brings consistency of information and neutrality of actions (Chalmers et al. 2012). Even after prohibitions in and against deliberative misstatement, it appears in the 2010 conceptual framework. One of the disadvantages involves biasness affecting financial performance in later periods. Conclusion The investors can analyse different items presented in the financial reports of the corporation Woolworths Limited. The disclosure policy of the Woolworths Limited essentially complies with the Corporation Act 2001 and ASX Listing Rules. The continuous disclosure policy of the company can thereby promote the confidence of the investors towards both the integrity as well as the securities. The inventory of the company has also increased due to the increase in the establishment of new stores. Therefore, the investors can analyse the efficiency of the company in converting the inventory of the company into sales before arriving at decisions. Again, the investors are also aware of the investments of the company towards the plant, property and equipment of the corporation. The investments in the plant, property and equipment has initially caused outflow of cash but can help the company to generate profit in the future period (Glaum et al. 2013). This can boost the sentiments of the invest ors positively. References Aasb.gov.au. (2016).Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au [Accessed 23 Aug. 2016]. Alexander, D., 2013.Financial reporting: the theoretical and regulatory framework. Springer. Botzem, S., 2012.The politics of accounting regulation: Organizing transnational standard setting in financial reporting. Edward Elgar Publishing. Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., 2013.Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Chalmers, K., Godfrey, J.M. and Lynch, B., 2012. Regulatory theory insights into the past, present and future of general purpose water accounting standard setting.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,25(6), pp.1001-1024. Deegan, C., 2012.Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. DRURY, C.M., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer. Edwards, J.R., 2013.A History of Financial Accounting (RLE Accounting)(Vol. 29). Routledge. Glaum, M., Baetge, J., Grothe, A. and Oberdrster, T., 2013. Introduction of International Accounting Standards, disclosure quality and accuracy of analysts' earnings forecasts.European Accounting Review,22(1), pp.79-116. Healy, P.M. and Palepu, K.G., 2012.Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Horngren, C., Harrison, W., Oliver, S., Best, P., Fraser, D. and Tan, R., 2012.Financial Accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Kang, H. and Gray, S.J., 2013. Segment reporting practices in Australia: Has IFRS 8 made a difference?.Australian Accounting Review,23(3), pp.232-243. Miller, P. and Power, M., 2013. Accounting, organizing, and economizing: Connecting accounting research and organization theory.The Academy of Management Annals,7(1), pp.557-605. Rahman, A.R., 2013.The Australian Accounting Standards Review Board (RLE Accounting): The Establishment of Its Participative Review Process. Routledge. Woolworthslimited.com.au. (2016).Quality Brands and Trusted Retailing - Woolworths Limited. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au [Accessed 23 Aug. 2016].

The Speech of the Corinthians an Example of the Topic History Essays by

The Speech of the Corinthians by Expert Sweet-Cathy | 29 Nov 2016 The Speech of the Corinthians and the Speech of the Athenians The Debate at Sparta elucidates the reasons and motivations that precipitated the Peloponnesian War (Woodruff 29). While the speeches of the representative of the main contending forces both have the same end the pursuit of their respective interests their arguments and the manner by which they expressed them to persuade their listeners interestingly differs. Need essay sample on "The Speech of the Corinthians" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed University Students Frequently Tell Us: Who wants to write paper for me? Essay writers suggest: Get Your Essay Before The Deadline The main thesis of the Corinthian speech is that engaging in war against Athens is both essential and urgent for the simple reason that the Athenians intend to dominate the Greek world. And its main argument is that "the Athenians encroached upon their neighbors little by little" (Woodruff18) evidenced by the fact that "they have subjugated some of us", "have taken Corcyra from us by force" and "besieged Potidaea" (Woodruff 18). Footnote 60 by P. Woodruff, 1993 indicating the strategic importance of Potidaea in northern Greece suggests Athenian's intention as alleged by the Corinthian. The Athenians' fundamental assertion, on the other hand, is that engaging in war against them would be a bad decision, which should be avoided. They argued that in the war against the Persians "we took risks to achieve benefits that partly went to you" even "when no one came to help us" and that "we are not being unreasonable in holding on to our possessions" (Woodruff 21) since "we did not take the empire by violence; it was the allies who came and begged us to take command" (Woodruff 22).And to further deter them from waging war against them they boldly asserted,"we are a city to be reckoned with" (Woodruff 21) and recounted how their "zeal and intelligent strategy during the Persian Wars"(Woodruff 22) consolidated the Greek victory over them even when the Spartans withdrew from the war. As a fundamental strategy for setting the tone of their persuasion, both the Corinthians and the Athenians approached the debate by juxtaposing themselves with the Lacedaemonians.The Corinthians, however, highlighted their difference with the Lacedaemonians in regard to their respective attitude towards Athenian adventurism; and pointed out that whereas they have the worst complaint against the Athenians to the point of advocating war against them, the Lacedaemonians have conversely remained indifferent and procrastinated in taking any action. Furthermore, the Corinthians projected an accusatory attitude towards the Lacedaemonians and challenged them to make up for their procrastination by taking immediate and decisive action. On the other hand, the Athenians set the tone for their persuasion by aligning with the Lacedaemonians' penchant for peace and enticing them towards the arena of right reason and common inclination to rule. And they further bolstered the need for restraint in "making bad decision on important matters" (Woodruff 21) by boldly asserting, "we are a city to be reckoned with" (Woodruff 21). With regard to their persuasion strategies, both the Corinthians and the Athenians reviewed the past in the light of the needs of their then current situation and used it to justify the actions they are advocating. The Corinthians, however, focused on the more recent past as a basis of their incitement for war and to advance with more precision their argument for forced change, whereas the Athenians appealed to the more distant past and used it as a more comprehensive justification for maintaining the status quo. In implementing their persuasive strategy, the Corinthians commenced withgiving in advance the balm for the wounds their stinging barbs of arguments would inflict to the Lacedaemonians through acknowledging and respecting their confidence in their own government and society and their culture of self-control,which can be qualified as "prudence", "moderation" and "clear-headedness" (Woodruff17) all positive and admirable qualities.And then they launched into series of accusation by recounting their failures of the recent past: completely ignoring their guidance, neglecting them when attacked by the Athenians and the less recent past: allowing the Athenians to consolidate their power. And for all these the Corinthians audaciously lay the blame and responsibility to the Lacedaemonians. And the prime weakness that the Corinthians took issue against them was their procrastination both in the conflict among Greeks and in their conflict with the Persians.And to drive the final nail to the c offin of Lacedaemonians' perceived ascendancy over them they denied them credit for the victory over the Persians by attributing the victory to the Persian's blunder more than to any help from them. This strategy is meant to lay the rationale as well the moral foundation for forcing them to take the opposite action of their repeated procrastinations and that is, to take decisive action by"immediately attacking Attica" (Woodruff 20). The second persuasive strategy taken by the Corinthians is to put up another balm for the wounds they have just inflicted. This balm is the affirmation of their friendship and then unmasking to the Lacedaemonians, whom they judge as "ignorant in foreign affairs" (Woodruff 17), the nature of the true enemy the Athenians. And by showing how different and unmatched the conquering and aggrandizing character of Athenians with the Lacedaemonians' sense of fairness and justice, they drove the point that peaceful means, particularly the respect for treaty, will not deter the Athenian expeditionary and conquering nature and implied that this should be their primary premise for waging war against them. The persuasive strategy of the Athenians hinged on the moral and rational justification for holding on to the empire. In calling to mind the Persian Wars, the Athenians' primary contention is that they "took risks to achieve benefits" (Woodruff 21) that are partly shared by the rest of the Greek world and equally by the Lacedaemonians. They said "our action did you at least as much good as it did us" (Woodruff 22). In effect it is saying that without the victory against the Persians, they would be in a far worse situation than what they complained of at that moment.And to pierce more deeply this justification to the heart and consciousness of their audience, the Athenians brought to the forefront the essential elements of their valor, sacrificial actions, brilliant gambit and intelligent leadership that sealed the victory for the Greeks.This served as the foundation for the second level of moral justification for their keeping the empire: it is a gift from the allies as a reward for taking the helm of leadership and achieving victory for the rest of the Greek world. The second persuasive strategy of the Athenians is to justify their holding on to the empire by appeal to shared human motives and propensities and common philosophy of power. They openly acknowledged that they were compelled to develop the empire out of fear, ambition and self interest, contending that their pro-active self-defense was instigated by the behavior of the rebel state that the Corinthians supported. And they moved the arena of contention from the right of those who are ruled to the right of those who rule; an arena where the Lacedaemonians are themselves vulnerable. And from hereon the Athenians shifted the argument towards similarity of their actions and inclinations, not only with human nature but with Lacedaemonians' practice, habit and inclination as well. And through all of these the Athenians downplayed their strong handedness and insisted that the Lacedaemonians would not have been more lenient than them.They supported this contention with what they claim as a ph ilosophy of power, which by practice is shared by the Lacedaemonians themselves. "It has been established that the weaker are held down by the stronger" (Woodruff 23) and "those who have the power to use force . . . have no need at all to go to law" (Woodruff 24). All these array of arguments played upon their audience's cultural character of self-control and sense of justice; the latter, though, applied in a more restricted manner to their common practice as rulers. How did their audience respond? The majority was persuaded that the Athenians have committed injustice and that it is justified to go to war immediately. However, their king, Archidamus, warned that war is not an enviable option; but when compelled to engage with, it required intelligent planning and adequate preparation. Despite the tight arguments of the Athenians, which appealed to the likes of King Archidamus, "who had a reputation for intelligence and prudence" (Woodruff 25) the Lacedaemonians were more persuaded by the Corinthian's argument of the Athenians' threat of domination. The Athenians argued to their defeat by offering nothing new by way of relief but simply justifying themselves, calling for sobriety and appealing to the treaty which the Lacedaemonians perceived have already been broken by them, having deprived member states of their autonomy(Dunkle, "The Peloponnesian War," Par. 12). Analysis of the speech and their consequences affirmed what has been commented upon that "Speeches in Thucydides rarely affect action ..." (Woodruff 82). The same motives fear, ambition and own advantage - which the Athenians advanced to justify their behavior were the same motives that moved their listener to ignore their appeal for prudence and reason and to opt for war against them. How true then are their statements which the Lacedaemonians took to heart and which the Corinthians demonstrated with crystal clarity and force enough to drive their listeners to clamor for decisive and immediate action. No matter what the strategies adopted by the two speakers, their success and failure pivoted on how they handled the basic emotion of fear which according to Woodruff is "Thucydides' favorite explanation for violence and injustice (22). Works Cited Dunkle, Roger. "The Peloponnesian War."Classics Technology Center. 1998-2000. Able Media 28. November 2008 Woodruff, Paul, Ed. On Justice, Power, and Human Nature: Selections from History of the Peloponnesian War. Hackett Publishing Company Inc, 1993